A communication satellite function as an overhead wireless repeater station that provides a microwave connection link between two geographically remote places. Due to its substantial altitude, satellite transmissions can cover a huge spot over the surface of the soil. Each satellite phone is ready with various "transponders" consisting of the transceiver and an antenna tuned to some specific part of the allocated spectrum. The incoming signal is amplified and then rebroadcast on the various frequency. Most satellites simply broadcast whatever they obtain, and are typically referred to as "bent pipes". These have been traditionally used to support applications for instance TV broadcasts and voice telephony. In current times, using satellites in packet info transmission continues to be on the rise. They are typically employed in WAN networks exactly where they supply backbone links to geographically dispersed LAN's and MAN's.
Satellite-based telecommunication methods deliver two significant advantages, i.e.
- independence of terrestrial infrastructure and
- global coverage.
Satellite handset communication channels are characterized by:
- Extensive Area protection on the earth's surface area.
- Long transmission delays.
- Broadcast transmission.
- Large Channel Bandwidth.
- Transmission costs impartial of Distance.
The received microwave power involved in satellite phone links is commonly incredibly small (of the order of a handful of 100 picowatts). This means that specially developed earth stations that maintain C/N (carrier to noise ratio) to some minimal are used to transmit/receive satellite phone communications. The front-end receiver is the most vital part with the transceiver and is a key aspect from the overall cost of the satellite Soil Station. It usually employs a huge antenna (Gain of the parabolic antenna is proportional on the square of its diameter) as well as a highly linear, low noise microwave amplifier (LNA).
Satellite phone links can operate in diverse frequency bands and use separate carrier frequencies for the up-link and down-link. Using C bands was most typical in 1st generation Satellite phone programs. However this band is already crowded as terrestrial microwave links also use these frequencies. The existing trend is in the direction of the higher frequencies of Ku and Ka bands. Attenuation due to rain can be a important difficulty in both of these bands. Also due to the greater frequencies, microwave equipment is nevertheless very pricey, specifically from the Ka band.
Modern Satellites are often equipped with several transponders. The region with the earth's surface covered by a satellite's transmission beam is referred to because the "footprint" on the satellite phone transponders. The up-link is usually a highly directional, point to point link making use of a high gain dish antenna at the ground station. The down-link can possess a substantial footprint giving coverage for substantial location or a "spot beam" may be used to concentrate large energy on a small region therefore requiring cheaper and scaled-down ground stations. Moreover, some satellites can dynamically redirect their beams and therefore adjust their protection area.
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